Agnes

Preamble

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienale rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man ins not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member states have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understading of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

 

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.

(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.

(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.

(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15

(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16

(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17

(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20

(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21

(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.

(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23

(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.

(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.

(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25

(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages Elementary education shall be compulsory Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27

(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.

(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29

(1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.

(2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.

(3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

The source of this text:
http://www.hri.org/docs/UDHR48.html

  <세계정치론> 현대 전쟁 파트에서는 탈근대와 전쟁의 양상의 상관관계에 대해 설명하고 있다. 절대이념, 계급과 이데올로기의 근대 세계로부터 탈피하여 정체성과 문화 중심의 탈근대 세계로의 이행은 전쟁의 전투원 구성에도 반영된다. 즉, 이전에 절대 이성과 산업화의 근대 세계에서 보조적인 사회 주체로서 존재했던 여성, 어린이 등이 현대에는 대부분의 전쟁에서 중대한 역할을 맡는 전투원으로서 활동하고 있는 것이다. 그 예로 이 책은 전쟁 참가자로서 어린이들이 증가하는 현상에 관심을 가진 헬렌 브로클허스트(Helen Brocklehurst)의 분석을 옮겨놓고 있다.
  그런데 탈근대 세계에서 정체성의 중요성과, 전쟁 참가자이자 피해자로서 소년병이 증가하는 양상을 직접적으로 연결시킬 수 있을까? 뭔가 여성과 아동 등 소수자가 정치-사회 주체로서 등장하는 것은 긍정적인 것인데, 여성이나 아동 전투원이 증가하는 것은 그들이 적극적 주체로서 행위하는 것이 아니라 강압적으로 내몰리고 권리를 박탈당하는 것이어서 이 둘을 연결시키는 것이 내 눈에는 조금 부자연스럽다.

--- --- ---
Helen Brocklehurst 박사의 논문을 찾을 수 없어서 소년병 문제가 아동 인권을 어떻게 위배하는지에 대한 다른 자료를 첨부.

http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/v5i2/html/child.htm

포스트모더니즘 [ Post-modernism ]  (from 네이버 백과사전)

1960년대 이후 모더니즘의 경향이 사회 문화적으로 크게 확대된 미국이나 유럽 등지에서 시작된 새로운 문화조류를 모두 포괄하여 포스트모더니즘이라고 한다. 포스트모더니즘이라는 말은 독자적인 개념이나 성격을 드러내는 새로운 용어 개념으로서보다는 모더니즘과의 상관관계를 통해 거론되는 경우가 대부분이다. 포스트모더니즘은 외견상 모더니즘의 변형 또는 모더니즘의 경향에 대한 반발의 의미로 다루어지기도 한다. 물론 포스트모더니즘이라는 것이 이미 예술미학적으로 전통의 지위에 올라선 모더니즘에 항거하는 새로운 전위운동에 해당한다는 견해도 있다.
모더니즘과 포스트모더니즘은 여러 가지 공통점과 차이점을 나누어가지고 있다. 기성적 권위와 전통에 대한 단절, 반리얼리즘 경향과 전위적 실험성, 개인주의에 입각한 비정치적 성향 등은 모두 모더니즘의 경우와 일치한다. 그러나 모더니즘이 현대문명의 기능주의와 결부되어 있었던 점에 비해 포스트모더니즘은 후기 산업사회로의 변화, 소비사회의 확대, 다원주의사회의 등장 등을 배경으로 기성적 가치와 이념을 해체하면서 변화하는 삶의 지평을 성찰하는 과정과 결합한다.
그러므로 포스트모더니즘은 후기 자본주의 사회에서 문제가 되고 있는 인간성 상실과 정신의 빈곤에서 오는 다양한 사회 병리적 징후들을 변화와 실험이라는 복합적 예술양식으로 표현하고, 권위적 이성과 그에 따른 억압을 해체함으로써 인간을 문화적 속박에서 해방시키고자 한다. 포스트모더니즘은 이념의 해체를 통해 계몽주의적 거대 담론 및 엄숙주의에 대한 회의를 분명하게 드러낸다. 고급문화와 저급문화의 경계를 와해시키면서 예술과 문화의 탈중심화에 대한 새로운 기획을 제시한다. 그리고 모든 가능성을 향하여 인식의 지평을 열어놓고 자기성찰의 계기를 거기서 찾고자 한다.
그러므로 현대사회에서 볼 수 있는 절대이념의 와해, 개성의 중시, 다원적 논리, 전지구화의 경향, 소수자의 등장과 여성운동의 확대 등은 모두 포스트모더니즘의 경향 속에서 이해할 수 있다. 물론 포스트모더니즘의 경향에 대해서는 자본주의 체제가 빚어낸 새로운 문화적 현상으로서 물신사회에 대한 순응적 태도가 비판의 대상이 되고 있기도 하다. 그러나 21세기 문화 전반에 큰 영향을 미치면서 미술·무용·연극·문학·철학·음악·영화 등에서 활발히 논의되고 있다. 포스트모더니즘에 대한 다양한 논의는 프랑스의 철학자 푸고, 들뢰즈, 데리다 등의 이론에서부터 출발하여 음악, 미술, 문학, 영화 등으로 크게 확대되고 있다.

코소보 분쟁에 관한 한국국방연구원의 자료- 분쟁, 민족지도와 사태의 역사적 배경, 현재 상황 및 전망

http://www.kida.re.kr/woww/dispute_detail.asp?idx=7

  공부를 하다가 '비대칭적 전쟁'이라는 흥미로운 개념이 있어 정리하고자 한다.

  비대칭적 전쟁
  비대칭적 전쟁은, "두 전쟁 당사자가 특징이나 상대적인 전략적 이점에서 커다란 차이가 있어서, 그 분쟁에서 한쪽의 능력이 다른 쪽으로 하여금 자신들의 방식으로 싸우도록 할 때 생긴다. 약자가 강자에 대해 지속적으로 취하는 전략은 상대 전방의 군사력만큼이나 국내정치적 토대를 목표로 삼는 것이다. 그러한 전략은 감당할 수 없는 보복을 당하지 않고 지속적으로 고통을 주는 것이다."
  (p260. 재인용)
 
 Asymmetric warfare   (From Wikipedia)

  Asymmetric warfare is war between belligerents(교전국) whose relative military power differs significantly, or whose strategy or tactics differ significantly.

"Asymmetric warfare" can describe a conflict in which the resources of two belligerents differ in essence(본질적으로) and in the struggle, interact and attempt to exploit each other's characteristic weaknesses. Such struggles often involve strategies and tactics of unconventional warfare, the "weaker" combatants(전투 부대) attempting to use strategy to offset deficiencies in quantity or quality.^[1] Such strategies may not necessarily be militarized.^[2] This is in contrast to symmetric warfare, where two powers have similar military power and resources and rely on tactics that are similar overall, differing only in details and execution.

The term is frequently used to describe what is also called "guerrilla warfare", "insurgency(폭동)", "terrorism", "counterinsurgency(대對 게릴라전)", and "counterterrorism", essentially violent conflict between a formal military and an informal, poorly-equipped, but elusive(붙잡기 어려운) opponent.

  비대칭적 전쟁의 개념은 2003년부터 진행된 이라크 전쟁에서 파생되었다. 미국이 주도하는 연합군은 압도적인 군사기술과 정보시스템으로 신속하고 압도적으로 이라크 부대를 굴복시켰다. 그러나 2003년 5월 2일 부시 대통령에 의한 공식적인 종전에도 불구, 곧바로 연합군과 이라크 민간인에 대한 게릴라 및 테러 공격 중심의 폭동이 시작되었다. 이에 전쟁은 2007년 봄까지 계속되었고, 종전보다 훨씬 많은 사상자를 발생시켰다. 이와 같은 양상의 전쟁은 '탈근대'와 '새로운 전쟁'의 논의를 형성했으며, 복잡한 비공식적 군사네트워크를 사용하여 효과적으로 전쟁을 수행해 나간 반정부세력의 행위를 두고 '비대칭적 전쟁'의 개념이 형성된 것이다. 즉, 비대칭적 전쟁은 군사적 기술이나 전략, 자원에서 현저한 차이를 가지는 두 교전국 간의 전쟁 양상을 지칭한다. 그러나 보다 구체적으로는 약소국이 강대국에 대해 지속적으로 게릴라 및 테러 공격 중심의 전술을 펼치는 것을 뜻하는데, 이로써 약한 반대 세력은 직접적인 보복을 받지 않고서도 강한 국가에 '지속적인 고통'을 줄 수 있게 된다. 이처럼 테러 공격이 장기간에 걸쳐 계속적으로 반복된다면 강대국(이라크 전쟁에서 미국) 사회 내부의 저항과 공포감이 확산될 수 있으며, 이로써 미국이 국제문제에 개입하는 것을 중단하라는 요구가 거세질 수 있다. 이와 같이 '국내정치적 토대'의 변화를 유도하면서 강대국의 대외정책 및 전략을 변화시키고자 하는 약소국의 시도가 이 개념의 핵심이라고 볼 수 있다.